Dian MURRAY
The Tiandihui (Heaven and Earth Society) was one of several voluntary associations that came into being during the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), but its origins and raison d’etre have been a subject of ongoing debate among scholars. Some regard it as a mutual aid organization formed by China’s lower classes; others see it as a political order founded by Ming loyalists to overthrow the Qing.
The Heaven and Earth Society, also known as
