Ramses AMER
China’s relations with the three countries of Indochina—Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam—have been marked by periods of collaboration interrupted by periods of tension and conflict. The relationship between China and Vietnam stands out as both the longest and the most multifaceted.
For more than a thousand years before Vietnam gained independence in the tenth century CE, it was a part of the Chinese empire. The independent Vietnam, however, remained under Chinese cultural
