Steven PHILLIPS
“Looking south over the Russian trenches and magazine from the central fortifications of Nanshan Hill, Manchuria.” Russian trenches in Manchuria, 1904. For the United States the Russian presence in China meant a threat to trade. STEREOGRAPHIC PRINT, 1904, UNDERWOOD & UNDERWOOD.
The Open Door policy highlighted the contradictory attitude of the United States toward China, which combined high-minded ideals with blatant avarice and dreams of a special relationship in the pursuit
